Geography+and+the+Start+of+Civilization

= =  ** GEOGRAPHY AND THE START OF CIVILIZATION //TC MM RO// //<3// ** JOKE OF THE DAY-**What do you call the little rivers that flow into the Nile**//**?** read the page to find out the answer!//   //Important// Vocab **middle kingdom** - time period: 2080-1640 BCE  1. Cities 2. Well Organized Central Government 3. Complex Religions/Belief Systems 4. Job Specialization 5. Social Classes 6. Arts And Architecture 7. Public Works 8. Writing/Record Keeping These elements are what characterized an ancient city. Basically, if a city is missing one then it isn't a civilization. They can still be used for modern cities. What would Rochester's 8 elements be?  The 5 Themes of Geography!  1. **Location** - a place of settlement, activity, or residence 2. **Place** - a particular portion of space (specific place) 3. **Region** - an extensive or continuous portion of land 4. **Human Environment Interaction** - how humans and the environment effect each other throughout history 5. **Movement** - the movement of people/goods across continents
 * city state** - functioned as an independent country does today
 * dynasty** - a series of rulers from a single family
 * cultural diffusion** - the process of a new idea of product spreading from culture to another
 * polytheism** - a belief in more than one god
 * empire** - political unit in which a number of people our countries are controlled by a single ruler
 * theocracy** - a government in which the ruler is viewed as a define figure
 * monsoon** - a wind that shifts at certain times of the year over water
 * pharaoh** - a king of ancient Egypt considered a god
 * animism** - the belief that spirits are present in animals, plants and other natural objects
 * anthropology** - the study of ancient cultures
 * artifacts** - objects found by archaeologists
 * culture**-the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particulare nation, people, or other social group
 * technology** - the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
 * nomads** - people who don't have a permiment home and travel from place to place
 * Paleolitic Age** - The Stone Age. 2,500,000 - 8,000 BCE
 * Neolithic Age** - The New Stone Age
 * fossil** - the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism
 * hunter-gatherers** - people who live by hunting, fishing, and harvesting wild food
 * slash/burn/farming** - the activity or business of growing crops and rasing livestock
 * domestication** - tame a whild animal
 * BCE/CE** - before common era/ common era. Equivalent to BC and AD
 * 8 elements of a civilization**

Transition from **Paleolithic Age** to **Neolithic Age** People always searching for more food >> Crops provide a reliable food source Only simple social organization is possible >> Population grows as life becomes more complex People traveled trying to find food sources >> Stay in one place

 NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION It's a turning point! People finally figured out how to farm. Most people were nomads, so they only had to rely on hunting and gathering. Once they started farming in one place, they had more food. __Domestication__ of animals began. Special __tools__ for digging and weapons for hunting were developed. Advanced civilizations began to spring up in __Egypt__ and __Sumer__. __Trade__ was increased and __commerce__ developed. Going from place to place is much easier. __Job specialization__ became possible because of the necessary division of labor.

The downside: - there was famine crop failure due to pests or weather - natural disasters and raiders could destroy a village - diseases spread more easily

Polytheism! It's a pretty big deal in the early river valley civilizations. It's a belief in many gods or beings. Egyptians believed in many gods, most representing animals. That's an example of **animism.** Mesopotamians' religious structures were ziggurats. They were also polytheistic. They mostly prayed for good weather conditions so they could have a good harvest. A civilization's religious views shows a lot about its way of life.

 Early Civilizations  <span style="color: rgb(175, 0, 255); font-size: 140%;">Mesopotamia <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(136, 0, 255);"> - between Tigris and Euphrates River. Now, modern-day Iraq. Included Sumer, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires. Writing system - Cuneiform. It looks similar to hieroglyphics, but **don't be fooled!** Important cities- Ur and Uma Architecture - ziggurat (religious place of worship)

<span style="color: rgb(136, 0, 255);">**Indus River Valley** - in India Social classes were close together Religion - Hinduism Main public works - organized roads

<span style="color: rgb(136, 0, 255);">**Egypt** - around Nile River Government - run by pharaohs Important public works - sewer system and aqueducts architecture - pyramids writing system - hieroglyphics

<span style="color: rgb(136, 0, 255);">**Shang** and <span style="color: rgb(136, 0, 255);">**Zhou** dynasties were around the Yellow River in China.

<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(29, 137, 170); font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Hammurabi's Code** Example- If someone was robbed and theif was not found, the government would have to pay back what was stolen Example- "An eye for and eye, a tooth for a tooth." //<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; color: rgb(128, 0, 128);">Which __element of a civilization__ does Hammurabi's Code fall under? // <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; color: rgb(128, 0, 128);"> Hammurabi was the King of Babylon from 1810 BCE - 1750 BCE. He extended his rule to Mesopotamia.
 * purpose of code was to help unify diverse groups within the empire
 * Hammurabi collected already existing rules and laws to make the code
 * 282 specific laws
 * tells us great deal about Mesopotamian lifestyle and values
 * the code applied to everyone, but there were different punishments for the rich and poor, and men and women
 * code reinforced that government had a responsibility for the society's actions
 * often laws included some form of retaliation as punishment

<span style="font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Ten Things You Should Definitely Know: -The vocabulary and definitions at the top of the page -8 elements of a civilization -Be able to relate those elements to the main early civilizations -5 themes of geography - Life during the Paleolithic Age - Life during the Neolithic Age -Time periods -What happened during the Neolithic Revolution (turning point, hunting/gathering to farming) -Be able to locate early civilizations on a map -Understand polytheism Mini DBQ 1. a. What is the name of this writing system? b. Which early civilization used this writing system? c. What river(s) was it located near?

2. //"If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out."// - Section 196 of the Code of <span class="IL_SPAN"> Hammurabi a. Which element of a civilization does this fulfill? b. Why is it so important?

3. Which elements of a civilization could this represent and why?

<span style="color: rgb(231, 19, 19); font-size: 110%; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Other useful sites:** <span style="color: rgb(0, 60, 255);"> [|Regrents Prep- Early Civilizations] [|Geography of Ancient Civilizations] [|Early Civilizations GAME]

answer to joke of the day: **<span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);">juveniles **